Referring and Gaze Alignment: Accessibility is Alive and Well in Situated Dialogue
نویسندگان
چکیده
Accessibility theory (Ariel, 1988; Gundel, Hedberg, & Zacharski, 1993) proposes that the grammatical form of a referring expression depends on the accessibility of its referent, with greater accessibility permitting more reduced expressions. From whose perspective is accessibility measured? Recent experiments (Bard, Hill, & Foster, 2008; de Ruiter & Lamers, submitted) using a joint construction task suggest that the speaker’s view often determines referential form. Two objections to these results would neutralize accessibility predictions in many real-world situations. First, objects in shared visual space may be so salient that all will be highly accessible and reference to them in whatever form cannot fail (Smith, Noda, Andrews, & Jucker, 2005). Second, since joint action demands joint attention, the listener’s and speaker’s view of what is accessible should seldom differ. We use cross-recurrence analysis of interlocutors’ gaze to show that neither objection applies. Gaze is not always well aligned. Dyads whose referring expressions ignored listeners’ needs did not coordinate attention well. Dyads referring cooperatively coordinated attention better and in a way linked to the elaboration of their referring expressions.
منابع مشابه
Accessibility and Attention in Situated Dialogue: Roles and Regulations
Accessibility theory (Ariel, 1988; Gundel, Hedberg, & Zacharski, 1993) proposes that the grammatical form of referring expression depends on the accessibility of its referent, with greater accessibility permitting more reduced expressions. This paper presents evidence discriminating between Realist and Declarative views of how accessibility will be determined. First, it presents a corpus study ...
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